Induction of multiple defense responses in wheat plants against stripe rust using mycorrhizal fungi and Streptomyces viridosporus HH1

Abstract Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici , is one of the most devastating diseases wheat worldwide. This study dealt with investigating biocontrol activity mycorrhizal colonization and/or application Streptomyces viridosporus HH1 against stripe rust wheat. In vitro, data showed that S. had a strong anti-spore germination effect on uredospores P. (90% reduction) . A 84.2% reduction in disease severity was achieved infected plants, which were colonized fungi and sprayed HH1. Molecular investigation revealed upregulated defensive genes ethylene response factor protein 3 ( JERF3 ) 20.7-fold, chitinase II (13.6-fold), β -1,3-glucanase (9.8-fold). Furthermore, led to significant increase antioxidant enzymes peroxidase (52.3%), polyphenol oxidase (106.9%), catalase (87.9%). The phenolic content also increased due HH1, while lipid peroxidation decreased leaves. mitigation adverse effects infection photosynthetic pigments leaves noticed. Observations from transmission electron microscopy different hypersensitivity reactions induced ultrastructural level cells this treatment. addition, growth-promoting reported. It can be concluded spraying have promising Field evaluation necessary future studies before use recommendation.